A fifty-nine-story skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan had a flaw in its steel skeleton that no one knew about. Every year it stood there, the annual odds of it collapsing were roughly one in sixteen.
The building was Citicorp Center, completed in 1977 at 915 feet. A church on the southeast corner of Lexington Avenue and Fifty-Fourth Street sold its lot on the condition that a new church be built on the site, so the tower's four support columns were set at the center of each side instead of at the corners, cantilevering one corner of the structure over the church.
Structural engineer William LeMessurier designed a system of chevron-shaped steel braces to channel wind loads down to those four columns. The original plans called for every joint in that system to be welded.
In June 1978, LeMessurier got a phone call from a student writing a paper on the building. The student's professor had argued that the columns belonged at the corners.
LeMessurier ran the numbers. Quartering winds increased the stress on the chevron braces by forty percent.
Then he found something worse.
During construction, Bethlehem Steel had proposed changing the chevron joints from welded connections to bolts. Bolts were cheaper, and LeMessurier's office had approved the substitution without telling him.
Welded joints hold under quartering winds. Bolted joints, at these forces, do not.
The move Washington made in 1934
In 1934, the government executed a legal maneuver that transferred billions in wealth overnight.
Most Americans had no idea it was coming.
A small group who saw it early walked away wealthy.
Everyone else paid for it.
Trump has the same legal authority today. Advisors close to the administration believe he's considering using it. If he does, the transfer happens fast — and the window to be on the right side of it is already closing.
We put together a free report on exactly what this move is, why the timing points to now, and the one step ordinary Americans can take to position themselves before it happens.
It costs nothing. Takes 30 seconds to request.
The people who moved early in 1934 didn't have a warning.
You do.
The two facts together meant a storm that visited New York roughly every sixteen years could collapse the building. If a power outage disabled the rooftop tuned mass damper, the one device that reduced the tower's sway, the margin disappeared entirely.
LeMessurier sat with this knowledge alone. He later said he considered silence and considered ending his life.
He chose neither. He called his lawyer, his insurance company, and then Citicorp, and told them their new tower could come down in a sixteen-year storm.
Citicorp agreed to his repair plan. Welders from Karl Koch Erecting worked every night from August through October 1978, fixing two-inch-thick steel plates over more than two hundred bolted joints while thousands of office workers came and went each day, unaware.
The Red Cross drew up evacuation plans covering two hundred thousand people in the surrounding blocks. In late August, Hurricane Ella formed off the Atlantic coast and turned toward New York while the welding was still unfinished.
Ella changed course.
By October, the repairs were done. The tower that had been vulnerable to a sixteen-year storm could now withstand a seven-hundred-year storm.
LeMessurier's insurance paid Citicorp two million dollars. No lawsuits followed.
A newspaper strike in New York kept the entire crisis out of the press. The story stayed secret for seventeen years, until Joe Morgenstern published it in The New Yorker on May 29, 1995.
LeMessurier's career was not destroyed. He spent the rest of his life teaching structural engineering at Harvard and MIT, using his own building as a case study.
The tower still stands at 601 Lexington Avenue. The church is still on the corner.
When you look at the thing you built or the thing you are responsible for, do you have the nerve to go back and check, knowing what you might find?
